This paper focuses on the scientific research of light and colour phenomena based on Johann Wolfgan von Goethe’s colour theory. In addition to elaborating the concept of colour which indicates the physical properties of light or dyeing substance, and the insight into the chromatic and achromatic properties of the same, the work primarily outlines and discusses possible theories and definitions of some of the most important philosophers, physicists, mathematicians, chemists, visual artists and all those people who were in any way dealing with colour and light. The same considerations explore historical periods beginning with Aristotle, who compared the colours with four elements: fire, water, earth and air, followed by the theory of Sir Isaac Newton, who experimentally discovered that white spectrum could manifest itself throughout the spectrum of colours, ending with 20th century theoreticians who attribute the spiritual dimension to colour. The primary purpose of the paper is to provide insight into Goethe's colour theory and to introduce numerous experiments supported by arguments according to which he analyzed, described, and compared colours from a psychological, optical, physical and chemical point of view. By analyzing certain chapters of his colour studies, it can 142 be concluded that the colours appear as a polarization between light and darkness, day and night, and that the phenomenon of colour is the revelation of man’s nature as its integral part.